Forum II Burials - Juveniles

Burial 1B
Burial: Extended on its back, right upper body turned over onto the left side, head SW.
Age: 13 to 16 years (epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Complete.
Pathology: Dental: Slight wear, slight calculus on all teeth but mandibular anterior teeth which display extensive calculus on both aspects. Caries in maxillary right PM1 and PM2 (crowns destroyed), maxillary. left M2 (occlusal), right mandibular m2 (interstitial mesial), and left mandibular M1 (mesial buccal ).
Hemopoietic: Cribra of both orbits, porotic, moderate and healed.
Infection: Both medial tibiae, distal ends display woven lamellar bone, reactive and active, diffuse periostitis.
Developmental: Both second metacarpals have proximal epiphyses. Both 5th metatarsals have unfused scale epiphyses.

Burial 3
Burial: No information available.
Age: 3.5 to 5.5 years (dental calcification, diaphyseal length, epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Complete except for frontal and toes.
Pathology: Dental: Moderate wear and calculus on both arcades. 2 fractures on the buccal aspect of maxillary right first deciduous molar. Right mesial permanent incisor has two large hypoplastic lines. Large occlusal caries in the mesial pit of the mandibular permanent left first molar (erupted).
Developmental: Both first metacarpals have anomalous distal epiphyses - one is fusing.

Burial 4
Burial: Extended on back, right arm flexed over manubrium, left arm flexed over abdomen. Head WSW.
Age: 14 to 18 years (dental calcification and epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Complete but for maxilla, and right ischium.
Pathology: Dental: Mandible: Slight to moderate calculus, slight wear, small occlusal caries of left PM2, m1 and m2, right m2. Slight hypoplasia of canines, enamel fracture of right I1, slight distal rotation of canines, and right medial incisor pushed lingually, while left is pushed labially (labial crowding).
Developmental: Spina bifida of S1, double spinous process, defect is to the left.

Burial 5
Burial: Extended on back, right arm crossed over chest, head NW.
Age: 7.5 to 9.5 years (dental calcification, diaphyseal length, epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Complete to mid thorax, with right lower arm.
Pathology: Dental: Slight wear, heavy calculus on mandibular anterior teeth. Fractures on deciduous maxillary right second molar and permanent mandibular right lateral incisor. Two tiny caries on occlusal surface of permanent first mandibular molar.
Hemopoietic: Both orbits display slight healed porosity. Slight porosity is also present on the parietals and crossing onto the occipital, healed.

Burial 8
Burial: Extended on back, head NE.
Age: 3 to 8 months (dental calcification).
Inventory: Left hemi mandible, portion of sphenoid, few thoracic arches and rib fragments, left clavicle.
Pathology: None seen.

Burial 9
Burial: Extended on back, arms down side of body with right slightly flexed inward, head NW (double inhumation with Burial 10).
Age: 4 to 6 years (dental calcification, dipahyseal length, epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Complete except for left arm.
Pathology: Dental: Slight wear on all teeth, a single occlusal/interstitial caries on maxillary left first molar.
Hemopoietic: Porous cribra in the left orbit, healed.
Infection: Porotic lamellar reaction on the medial midshaft of the left tibia, diffuse, slight and healing.

Burial 10
Burial: Extended on back, arms down sides, head NW (double inhumation with Burial 9).
Age: 3 to 6 years (dental calcification and diaphyseal length).
Inventory: Complete except for feet.
Pathology: Dental: Slight wear and calculus, fracture of mesial left mandibular first molar.
Hemopoietic: Cribra orbitalia of both orbits, porosity with coalescence of foramina, mixed reaction of healing and active lesions - moderate.
Infection: Medial aspect of the right tibia displays porotic cortex - healed lamellar reaction, diffuse.
ÏVermicularÓ bone covers the entire inner table of the occipital, it is thickened and sclerotic - similar to Burial 47.

Burial 15
Burial: Extended on back, head SW.
Age: 13 to 20 years (dental calcification).
Inventory: Skull, few ribs, left scapula and clavicle.
Pathology: Dental: Slight to moderate calculus, slight wear, hypoplastic lines faint on molars and mandibular canine. Mandibular I2 right is rotated disto-lingually, 45 deg.
Hemopoietic: Cribra of both orbits is characterized by coalescing foramina with increased thickness, severe and a mixture of active and healing.

Burial 16
Burial: Extended on back, head W.
Age: 16 to 19 years (epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Left arm and ribs, hands, sacrum, left hip and leg plus incomplete foot, right proximal femur and fibula.
Pathology: Infection: Left tibia displays, sclerotic reaction of periosteum, with porosity and striations on medial aspect, bone is thickened at midshaft.

Burial 17
Burial: Extended on back, right arm over abdomen, left arm slightly flexed with hand in pelvis, head NW.
Age: 8 to 12 years (dental calcification and epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Complete except for ischia and pubes, few hand and foot bones only present.
Pathology: Dental: Slight wear and calculus. Slight hypoplasia on maxillary canines. Left lateral maxillary incisor is rotated 45 deg.
Hemopoietic: Slight, healed porous only cribra in both orbits.
Developmental: Sternal bodies are prematurely fused, and also to the manubrium. Sternal aperture present.

Burial 21
Burial: Extended on back, arms down sides of body, head SW.
Age: 8 to 12 years (dental calcification, diaphyseal length, epiphyseal union).
Inventory: cranium minus face, left hemi-mandible, spine to T8, left ribs and arm minus radius.
Pathology: Dental: Slight calculus and wear, hypoplasia on anterior mandibular teeth in the form of 3 or 4 faint lines, 45 deg rotation of left medial mandibular incisor, and left mandibular second premolar, both mesio-lingually.
Hemopoietic: Left parietal at occipital (over lambdoidal suture) displays circumscribed area of slight healed porosity.

Burial 22
Burial: Extended on back, head W.
Age: 10 to 15 years (epiphyseal union and diaphyseal length comparison to others in population).
Inventory: Skeleton minus skull, left arm, left hip, and feet.
Pathology: Arthritis: inferior articular facets of T11 are extremely porotic and misshapen, exhibiting subchondral destruction of the facet. T12 superior articular facets are pinched to form a groove for the porotic T11 facets. Right inferior articular facet of T12 is also porotic. This localized arthritic degeneration was likely caused by trauma.

Burial 23
Burial: Extended on back, head SW.
Age: 1 to 2.5 years (diaphyseal length and comparison to others in sample, epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Axial skeleton, basi-occipital, right clavicle, right distal humerus, right lower arm plus few metacarpals, left proximal humerus and lower arm, ilia and fragment. of left ischium.
Pathology: None seen.

Burial 25
Burial: Extended on back, arms flexed with hands in pelvis, head SE.
Age: 1.5 to 3 years (dental calcification, diaphyseal length, epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Skull, axial skeleton, both arms without hands, right hip and proximal femur.
Pathology: Dental: very slight wear and calculus on both arcades.
Hemopoietic: Both orbits display severe, active cribra orbitalia, coalescing foramina with increased thickness. Porotic hyperostosis is also severe, active and healed with coalescing foramina with increased thickness at; right half of the frontal, anterior to the coronal, left half of the frontal anterior to the coronal (circular circumscribed lesions), right parietal along the lambdoidal (also circular), left parietal in same position as right (circumscribed), and a diffuse area posterior to the previously mentioned affectation of the right parietal, but crossing the lambdoidal and spreading onto the occipital. The diplñe is thickened. Generalized anemic condition.
Infection: Left ulna, circumscribed area of reactive woven bone that is sclerotic, on the distal half between the posterior and interosseous crests.

Burial 27
Burial: Extended on back, arms crossed over chest, left above right, head SW.
Age: 10 to 13 years (diaphyseal length and epiphyseal union compared to others in population).
Inventory: C3 to proximal tibiae, minus proximal humeri, right pubis and ischium and left pubis.
Pathology: Trauma: Left radius displays a Colles fracture at the distal end. It is well healed but with a lateral curving deformity. Sequelae include noticeable underdevelopment of the radius, ulna and metacarpals on that side, with disuse atrophy and osteopenia.

Burial 28
Burial: Extended on back, arms down sides of body, head NW.
Age: 1 to 2.5 years (dental calcification, diaphyseal length, epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Left half of skull, upper ribs, lower thoracics and lumbars, right pectoral girdles, humeri and fragments of lower arms and metacarpals, left femur, part of sacrum and left pubis.
Pathology: None seen.

Burial 33
Burial: Extended on back, right arm down side, head NE.
Age: 6 to 18 months (diaphyseal length compared to others in sample).
Inventory: Complete to knees (?).
Pathology: None seen.

Burial 36
Burial: Extended on back, right arm at side?, head SW.
Age: Newborn (metrical comparison to others in the sample).
Inventory: Right arm, right and left ilia and femora, proximal tibia, few rib, vertebral and metacarpal fragments.
Pathology: Infection: All long bones, ribs and vertebral bodies are covered in diffuse, active, woven bone periostitis. This suggests a systemic infection.

Burial 39B
Burial: No information. Found with Burial 39A.
Age: Birth to 6 months (single tooth calcification and length of left humerus).
Inventory: Left hemi-mandible, left humerus, portion of proximal, right ulna, right pubis.
Pathology: None seen.

Burial 40
Burial: Extended on back, legs slightly flexed to the right, arms crossed over chest, head E.
Age: 1 to 2 years (dental calcification, long bone lengths).
Inventory: Complete except for left arm, left side of skull and mandible and Os coxae.
Pathology: None seen.

Burial 43
Burial: Extended on back, head SW.
Age: Birth to 6 months (long bone length).
Inventory: T1 to sacrum, right and left partial lower arms, right and left lower limbs, minus feet.
Pathology: Infection: Few ribs display thickened (cancellous) and porotic (cortical) sternal ends - slight, but pathological nonetheless.

Burial 45
Burial: Extended on back, right arm straight and hand over pelvis, head SW.
Age: 9 to 14 years (dental calcification and diaphyseal comparison to others in population).
Inventory: Cranium and mandible minus face, axial skeleton and right hip, both arms and right hand.
Pathology: Dental: Slight wear and calculus. Mandibular right second premolar has a small enamel fracture, mesially.

Burial 47
Burial: Extended on back?, head SW.
Age: 3 to 6 years (dental calcification).
Inventory: Skull fragments, left clavicle and scapula, spine down to mid thoracic, few left rib ends.
Pathology: Dental: Maxilla: Occlusal caries occur on many of the deciduous teeth, in one case with an ante-mortem fracture of half of the tooth. Hypoplastic defects are present in the form of large circular caries on both deciduous canines, and a hypoplastic line on the permanent left canine crown. Mandible: Canines and molars are affected by occlusal and interstitial caries. Both deciduous first molars bear several hypoplastic pits on the buccal and lingual surfaces. The right deciduous canine has a large circular caries on its buccal surface also. It would appear that these teeth were affected by a developmental upset that resulted in defects of the enamel, causing a propensity for caries to develop more rapidly.
Infection: The left parietal, inner table at parietal boss exhibits an area of sclerotic, Ïworm eatenÓ bone. It is a localized resorptive lesion, with spicules of bone left behind in the channels edged by sclerotic bone.

Burial 49
Burial: Extended on back, right arm down side, head NE.
Age: 5 to 8 years (comparison with others in population).
Inventory: Right half of a skeleton.
Pathology: Insufficient time to analyze.

Burial 51
Burial: Extended on back, but lying slightly on its left side, arms down side of body, head W.
Age: 4 to 6 years (dental calcification, diaphyseal length, epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Complete except for right ulna and feet.
Pathology: Dental: Slight wear and slight calculus on both arcades. Enamel fracture of deciduous mandibular left mesial incisor.
Hemopoietic: Active cribra orbitalia, moderate to severe at the lateral corners, coalescing foramina with increased thickness. Porotic hyperostosis on glabella, both greater wings of sphenoid and spreading onto the temporals, here it is porotic only and active.
Infection: 5 upper to mid ribs display diffuse, raised woven bone periostitis extending from the head to the sternal end, on their inner aspects. This is suggestive of an acute pulmonary infection of the left lung.

Burial 54
Burial: Extended on its back, arms down sides, head W. Feet and legs on bedrock, postholes at head and foot of skeleton.
Age: 2 to 2.5 years (dental calcification, diaphyseal length, epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Complete.
Pathology: Hemopoietic: healing cribra orbitalia in both orbits, coalescing foramina with increased thickness.
Developmental: C1 is fused to the occiput at the spinous process. C2 and C3 fused together at posterior arch (two separate arches not discernible).

Burial 55
Burial: Extended on back, arms down sides of body, head W.
Age: 10 to 15 years (epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Complete but for skull, cervicals, clavicles, left scapula and humerus, right humerus and proximal ulna and radius, left lower leg, and both feet, also, most of left hand.
Pathology: Developmental: epiphyseal union is slightly more advanced on the right side of the body than the left.

Burial 57
Burial: Extended on back, head SW.
Age: 2.5 to 4 years (Diaphyseal length).
Inventory: Right leg and foot, left lower leg and foot.
Pathology: None seen.

Burial 62
Burial: Disturbed, head NW.
Age: 7 to 12 years (?) (comparison of size to others in population).
Inventory: Few right ribs, fragments of thoracic vertebral arches, fragments of sternal body.
Pathology: None seen.

Burial 67
Burial: Extended on back, head W.
Age: 1.5 to 2.5 years (diaphyseal length and comparison to others in sample).
Inventory: Left humerus, scapula and clavicle, single tooth.
Pathology: None seen.

Burial 70
Burial: Extended on back, arms along sides, head 30 deg (information in field notes).
Age: 1 to 2 years (dental calcification).
Inventory: Complete.
Pathology: None seen.

Burial 72
Burial: Extended on back, head NW.
Age: 10 to 15 years (diaphyseal length comparison to others in population).
Inventory: Right lower leg and foot, left foot (partial).
Pathology: Developmental: 5th metatarsals both have ÏscaleÓ epiphyses, unfused.

Burial 73
Burial: No information.
Age: 6 to 18 months (dental calcification).
Inventory: Portion of skull, thorax, right ilium, right clavicle, humerus and partial ulna.
Pathology: None seen.

Burial 82
Burial: No information.
Age: 6 to 7 years (?) (comparison of metatarsal length to others in population).
Inventory: 2 partial feet.
Pathology: None seen.

Burial 85B
Burial: No information, troweled out with 85A.
Age: 1.5 to 2.5 years (single tooth calcification).
Inventory: left and right ischium and pubis, fragment of frontal, fragment of cervical arch, few teeth.
Pathology: None seen.

Burial 87
Burial: Extended on back, left arm slightly flexed with hand in pelvis, head NW.
Age: 5 to 7 years (dental calcification and diaphyseal length).
Inventory: Complete but for most of face, thorax, humeri and pectoral girdles, fight radius and hands.
Pathology: Dental: Central upper incisors both display two slight hypoplastic lines.
Hemopoietic: Cribra of left orbit, porosity with coalescence of foramina, no thickening, appears to be healing. Right parietal near lambdoid displays porosity only, and is slight, healing.