Area IX D North Burials

Burial 22
Burial: No information.
Age: 7.5 to 9.5 years (dental calcification, diaphyseal length, epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Skeleton missing from midshaft femora, distal.
Pathology: Dental: Wear is slight to moderate on deciduous dentition. Calculus is moderate on anterior dentition, slight on posterior deciduous teeth. No disease or hypoplasia is seen.
Hemopoietic: Moderate to severe cribra orbitalia is seen in the right orbit, with coalescing foramina and increased thickness.
Trauma: A few thoracic vertebrae exhibit sub-chondral defects of the centers of the inferior body aspects.

Burial 23
Burial: Extended on back, arms crossed over abdomen, right over left, head W. Individual was in a grave with a headstone and a footstone. Two sealing stones were also seen over the body. An iron fibula was recovered. 3 iron tacks were recovered, 2 on the right tibia, and one on the left shoulder.
Age: 25 to 40 years (cranial suture closure, dental wear, pubic symphysis morphology, auricular surface morphology, sternal rib end metamorphosis).
Sex: Female.
Inventory: Complete skeleton.
Pathology: Dental: Maxilla: Wear is severe, calculus is severe, as is alveolar resorption. The left canine is lost antemortem, and there is a very large periapical abscess in that location, and around the root of the left PM1. Caries has destroyed the crown of the left M1 and there is a large abscess surrounding the tooth and perforating the bone at the root apex. The crown of the right PM1 is also destroyed by caries, with a periapical abscess seen. The right PM2 has an interstitial caries on the distal aspect, and a periapical abscess secondary to root exposure from the caries. The right M1 is lost antemortem, and the socket is remodeled. The right M2 has shifted mesially because of this lose. Two large hypoplastic lines are seen on the left mesial incisor. The M3s are congenitally absent. Mandible: Wear is moderate, likely due to many of the opposing teeth having been lost or diseased. Alveolar resorption is ubiquitous. Calculus is gross on the left side (similar to the maxilla), and slight on the right. There are a couple of enamel fractures, but no caries or abscesses. The M2s are absent, and appear to be congenitally so, as is the right M3.
Trauma: There is a crush fracture to the anterior body of L1, with no arthritic changes.
Infection: Both fibulae exhibit sclerotic periosteal new bone on the lateral crests, presenting as thick and lumpy - moderate.
Arthritis: The C1 and C2 show slight lipping of the dens and facet.
The right articular facets between T4 and T5, and T11 and T12 exhibit slight porosity and lipping.
L4 and L5 show very slight lipping of the superior anterior body aspect.
The left TMJ exhibits signs of arthritic change, and articulation of the condyle back onto the temporal bone - this may be a sequlae of the severe dental disease in the left side of the mouth.
The left third metacarpal and capitate articulation is porotic and deformed.
The right sacro-iliac joint exhibits arthritic changes in the form of porosity and lipping. This is not age-related, as it is not bilateral.
The left femur exhibits slight lipping around the inferior proximal articular surface.
The right knee exhibits arthritic changes in the form of localized porosity on the lateral condyles of the tibia and femur, and on the medial articular facet of the patella.

Burial 28
Burial: Extended on back, right arm flexed upward and overlying left shoulder, left arm unknown, head W. Two iron tacks recovered from right ribs.
Age: 8 to 10 years (dental calcification, diaphyseal length, epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Mostly complete skeleton, with some foot bones, and parts of the Os coxae missing.
Pathology: Dental: Maxilla: Mixed dentition exhibiting slight wear on deciduous and permanent teeth. Calculus is extreme on right side of arcade, non-existent on left. No caries or disease seen. Mandible: Mixed dentition, slight wear. Extreme calculus on right as maxilla. No disease. Three slight hypoplastic lines on each of the unerupted permanent canines.
Hemopoietic: Cribra orbitalia is present in both orbits. The right exhibits thickening and moderate coalescence of foramina. The right exhibits severe changes, with gross thickening and coalesced foramina.

Burial 29
Burial: Extended on back, right hand on pelvis, left flexed across chest. Side slabs, head and foot stones, as well as a sealing stone over the feet remain of a stone built cist grave, disturbed by the burial of D IX 23. Head SE. An iron pin was found on the feet.
Age: 6 to 18 months (dental calcification, diaphyseal length, epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Complete except for sternal body and some hand and foot bones.
Pathology: Dental: Teeth are in the process of erupting, very slight wear is seen, no disease.
Hemopoietic: Both orbits exhibit enlarged foramina with raised periosteum, indicating active cribra orbitalia that is slight.
Infection: The endosteal surfaces of the frontal (particularly the orbital plates), parietals, occipital and sphenoid wings is covered in diffuse bark-like periosteal new bone, and the Ïworm-eatenÓ sclerotic bone which has been seen in individuals in the Forum II cemetery. The changes are extreme and thickening is seen.
The anterior and posterior aspects of the left scapula near the glenoid fossa and on the lateral border are covered in thickened, raised woven periosteal new bone.
The distal right humerus is affected by bark-like periosteal woven bone, extending to the articular surface.
The head of the right ulna is similarly affected, covering the proximal third of the bone.
The right radius is affected the same, on the proximal quarter of the bone. The right elbow exhibits evidence of an active inflammatory process.
The right femur exhibits a localized are of active woven periosteal new bone on the proximal third of the bone, lateral aspect.
The right tibia, distal half, posterior aspect is similarly affected.
The right fibula is also affected in the same manner on the proximal third, medial aspect.

Burial 31
Burial: Extended on back, arms flexed up into chest, right over left. Right foot flopped medially over left. The grave was stone lined (small stones, not slabs), and a footstone was still in situ. See additional partial burial found with this one below(31B).
Age: 20 to 30 years (late fusing epiphyses, dental wear, pubic symphysis morphology, auricular surface morphology, sternal rib end metamorphosis).
Sex: Male.
Inventory: Complete skeleton.
Pathology: Dental: Maxilla: Slight wear and slight calculus are seen. A small enamel fracture is noted on the right M1 buccal aspect. The right PM1 is located on the palate, between the right I2 and canine, and lingual to them. It is rotated 90 deg. disto-lingually. Mandible: Wear and calculus are similar to maxilla. Enamel fractures are seen on left and right M1. An interstitial caries is seen on between the right M1 and M2, which is small. The right canine is rotated slightly mesio-labially. There is erosion of the cemento-enamel junction on the buccal aspects of the left M2 and M3 - this may have been mechanically induced.
Infection: The right first metatarsal, proximal and distal phalange exhibit gross osteomyelitic changes. Radiographs reveal an abscess in the center of the metatarsal, with a cloaca visible on the dorsal surface. Lytic foci are seen on the dorsal aspect, rimming both articular surfaces. The phalanges exhibit multiple smooth-walled lytic lesions, with little sclerotic reaction. The articular surfaces are affected. No changes are seen on the plantar surfaces of the bone. The radiographs reveal that the bone is also osteoporotic. This localized infection could be osteomyelitis from an infected wound, secondary to peripheral vascular disease from an ulcer, or may represent a case of infection with a mycotic or bacterial agent causing maduromycosis (that the infection is confined to a single toe makes this less likely).
Arthritis: T6 exhibits slight lipping of the anterior inferior body. T7 and T8 both show porosity and lipping of the inferior articular facets. T9 has lipping and porosity of both inferior and superior articular facets.
The left third rib exhibits slight lipping of the tubercle articulation.
Developmental: The sacrum exhibits a sacral hiatus that is open to mid-S3, and open between S1 and S2 (incomplete spina bifida).
The left hand has an extra large sesamoid bone (unknown where it articulated).
The right 4th metacarpal exhibits a thick bony ridge on the lateral aspect, for muscle attachment.

Burial 31B
Burial: Unknown, found with burial 31.
Age: 9 lunar months to birth.
Inventory: Right femur only.

Burial 33
Burial: Extended on back, right arm straight down side of body, legs slightly flexed at hips and knees, head SW.
Age: Birth to 6 months (dental calcification, diaphyseal length, epiphyseal union).
Inventory: Complete except for ischia and some hand and foot bones.
Pathology: Hemopoietic: Slight porosity of the lateral edge of the left eye orbit.
Infection: The center of the inner table of the occipital bone exhibits a periosteal lesion of woven new bone. This may not be the result of infection, rather, bone reaction to a subdural haematoma.